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The calculation of travel time is obtained as follows:

For train: Data from SNCF Connect results. The journey time indicated is an indicative time which may fluctuate depending on the planned travel date and the chosen route.

For long-distance bus: Data from the results of several bus companies (flixbus, blablabus and local companies). The travel time indicated is an indicative time which may fluctuate depending on the planned travel date and the chosen route.

For aircraft: Data from EasyVoyages results. The travel time indicated is an indicative time which may fluctuate depending on the planned travel date and the chosen route.

For car: Data from Mappy results. The travel time indicated is an indicative time and may fluctuate depending on the planned travel date and the chosen route.

For carpooling: Data from Mappy results. The journey time indicated is an indicative time and may fluctuate depending on the planned travel date and the chosen route.

The calculation of the travel time includes only the travel time and does not include the additional time required for pre- and post-transportation which varies according to the means of transport used.

The useful time corresponds to the time that the traveller has on board a train, plane, bus or car to spend time reading, watching a film, writing, playing or working. The calculation of useful time is a ratio of travel time calculated on the basis of a Travel Time Efficiency study conducted by EPSA in 2012 for Thalys. Thalys and Intercités studies and Ministerial Instruction of June 16, 2014 for the evaluation of transport infrastructure projects and services. The average calculation of useful time is indexed to the travel time and does not include the additional time required for pre- and post-transportation which varies according to the means of transport used.

The equivalence chosen to reflect the amount of CO2e emitted is the usual average electricity consumption of an average oven in France (between 50 and 65 litres), which is 17 kg of CO2e per year. These estimates are approximate and serve to give an order of magnitude between all means of transport. (Source: According to the study « La face cachée des objets » of ADEME, September 2018)

This is the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by the train as a result of its energy consumption. The GHG footprint is a measure of the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the main one being carbon dioxide (CO2), but there are also methane (CH4) and nitrous oxides (N2O). All of these are expressed in CO2equivalent (CO2e).

The main source of GHG emissions is the combustion of fossil fuels by an activity directly or indirectly, the manufacture of a product, etc. The amount of CO2e emitted during a train journey is calculated by multiplying the distance travelled by the average amount of CO2e emitted by a passenger travelling one kilometre expressed in grams of CO2e /passenger.km

Source: data based on energy consumption (source: Réseau de transport d’électricités (Rte), 2019) and 2019 fréquentations visits)

* Weighted average of the values for IDF Mobilités trains managed by TRANSILIEN and RATP: value to be used by all operators in the Île de France region

Source: 2019 fréquentations visits and average electricity consumption of each carrier;

Emission factor for electricity for transport use "France" (38.6 gCO2e/kWh) for kilometres travelled in France

CO2 emission factors for trains and international trains: 2021 data

Electricity emission factors for European countries (Germany, Spain, UK, Belgium, Netherlands) are either taken from ADEME's "Base Carbone" of ADEME: http://www.bilans-ges.ademe.fr/fr/basecarbone/donnees-consulter/liste-element?recherche=Electricit%C3%A9+hors+France, either on the basis of energy suppliers or local energy authorities (GOV.UK pour le Royaume-Uni)

For more information on Eurostar and Thalys, you can visit their websites: www.thalys.com and www.eurostar.com.